Phylogenetic relationship between Contracaecum spp. (Nematoda, Anisakidae) parasitizing cormorants (Aves, Phalacrocoracidae) in Argentina.

Species of the genus Contracaecum (Family Anisakidae) exhibit a broad host and geographical distribution, parasitizing aquatic organisms such as piscivorous birds and mammals as their definitive hosts. Several Contracaecum species have been reported parasitizing cormorants (Family: Phalacrocoracidae) in South America. The objective of this study was to highlight phylogenetic relationships between Contracaecum species parasitizing cormorants based on both molecular analyses and the papillae arrangement on the male tail. Some Contracaecum species parasitizing Red-legged cormorants from the Ría Deseado (RD), and other nematodes parasitizing eight Neotropic cormorants from San Miguel del Monte lagoon (SMML), Argentina, were collected and analyzed. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses allowed us to recognize two species: Contracaecum chubutensis parasitizing Phalacrocorax gaimardi, and Contracaecum australe parasitic in Phalacrocorax brasilianus. According to the obtained sequences (mtDNA cox2, ITS1, ITS2, and SSrRNA), Contracaecum sp. parasitizing P. gaimardi exhibited concordance with the previously reported C. chubutensis parasitizing P. atriceps from Bahía Bustamante, Chubut province. Likewise, Contracaecum sp. isolates parasitizing P. brasilianus showed concordance with C. australe from Chile. Besides, the papillae arrangement on the male tail allowed us to understand the interspecific and genetic relationships between the Contracaecum species. The analyses confirm that C. chubutensis specimens parasitizing P. gaimardi from RD present a new host record for the species, whereas, those C. australe specimens parasitizing P. brasilianus from SMML provide a new geographical record for the species and the extension of its distribution range. Present results also confirm the inland and marine distribution of C. australe and C. chubutensis, respectively.

"That was not the discussion we wanted to have": Engagement of civil society organizations with synthetic biology.

Responsible Research and Innovation calls for comprehensive public and stakeholder involvement. Its specific requirements, however, have raised criticism concerning the limitation of engagement opportunities for actors like Civil Society Organizations that do not share mainstream perspectives on technological innovations. Our article investigates the engagement of critical Civil Society Organizations in public debates and dialogues on synthetic biology and asks how they contribute to opening up respective debates. Based on three case studies, we show how Civil Society Organizations engage in and frame the debate on synthetic biology in different organizational formats. We find that Civil Society Organizations have explicitly challenged visions of a sustainable future by airing concerns about its risks and adverse impacts and engage in ontological debates about synthetic biology. Yet, we argue that different engagement formats are needed to ensure a diverse public debate on synthetic biology.

Redescription and molecular characterization of Baruscapillaria spiculata (Nematoda: Capillariidae) parasitizing the Neotropic cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus from two Argentinian lagoons.

Two species of intestinal Capillariidae were hitherto known from the Neotropic cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus, Baruscapillaria spiculata (Freitas, 1933), and Baruscapillaria appendiculata (Freitas, 1933). The original descriptions are very short and brief, and further reports of both species are scarce and/or confusing. This paper provides a morphological redescription and molecular characterization, based on the partial 18S rDNA gene, of B. spiculata specimens parasitizing the Neotropic cormorant in two continental lagoons from Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Both morphological and morphometrical differences between B. spiculata and B. appendiculata are highlighted on the examination of available type material. Additionally, two previous reports of B. appendiculata from Mexico and Brazil are discussed. A phylogenetic analysis conducted on specimens of B. spiculata and 46 other capillariid isolates available from the GenBank demonstrated a sister-taxon relationship between our specimens and the type species of Baruscapillaria. But, at the same time, significant genetic distances between both taxa showed an interesting variability of the genus Baruscapillaria. The probable division of this genus into multiple genera could probably be confirmed through integrative studies including more species.

The other between fear and desire - countertransference fantasy as a bridge between me and the other.

This paper attempts to show how unrepresented rupture/injury of primary expectations of the early relationship is reactivated in the analytic process. This becomes perceptible especially as unconscious fear and a specific defence described as 'living behind a glass-wall'. The author, however, postulates the existence of an inherent dialogical-dyadic principle in the psyche, which she calls archetypal hope, and shows how this principle may become active in the analytical space. These aspects of analytical treatments are sketched with two vignettes, in which unconscious processes of exchange cause the analyst to experience unrepresented states. The author describes how the analyst is gradually able to experience and understand this, and how this understanding finally - without first becoming explicit - becomes effective in the analytical space. Special attention is given to the analytic attitude. A readiness to accept and move into regression and a receptivity to attune to the early sensory experience of the analysand is regarded as essential. Through this the analyst gains access to the inner space of the analysand and, through bodily experience and pre-symbolic processes, the unrepresented may thus become figurable. The reverie and countertransference fantasies are understood as a bridge: they connect the analytic pair. However, the reverie also creates the transition between that which was not - the absent representation - and that which wants to emerge. It thus bridges the personal unconscious (implicit expectation) and the archetypal (the archetypal hope). Through this, the space of hope may become a space of possibility, and help bridge the chasm between the experienced and the hoped-for.

Cet article cherche à montrer comment la blessure/la rupture non représentée des attentes primaires dans la relation précoce est réactivée dans le processus analytique. Ceci devient perceptible particulièrement en tant que peur inconsciente et en tant que défense spécifique décrite comme « vivre derrière un mur de verre ¼. L'auteur, cependant, postule l'existence d'un principe dyadique -dialogique inhérent dans la psyché, qu'elle nomme l'espoir archétypal. Elle montre comment ce principe peut devenir actif dans l'espace analytique. Ces aspects de cures analytiques sont esquissés à l'aide de deux vignettes, dans lesquelles les processus inconscients d'échange amènent l'analyste à éprouver des états non-représentés. L'auteur décrit comment l'analyste devient peu à peu capable d'éprouver et de comprendre cela, et comment cette compréhension devient finalement opérante dans l'espace analytique - sans être explicite au départ. Une attention particulière est donnée à l'attitude analytique. La capacité à accepter la régression et régresser ainsi que la réceptivité à s'accorder à l'expérience sensorielle précoce de l'analysant sont considérées comme essentielles. Par ceci l'analyste accède à l'espace intérieur de l'analysant et, à travers l'expérience corporelle et les processus présymboliques, le non-représenté peut se figurer. La rêverie et les fantasmes contre-transférentiels sont compris comme étant des passerelles reliant le couple analytique. Cependant la rêverie peut également créer la transition entre ce qui n'était pas - la représentation absente - et ce qui cherche à émerger. Elle joint ainsi l'inconscient personnel (attente implicite) à l'archétypal (l'espoir archétypal). Ainsi, l'espace de l'espoir peut devenir espace de possibilité, et aider à établir une passerelle sur le fossé entre ce qui est éprouvé et ce qui est espéré.

El presente trabajo intenta mostrar cómo la ruptura/herida sin representación de la expectativa primaria de una relación temprana es reactivada en el proceso analítico. Esto se vuelve perceptible especialmente como miedo inconsciente y como una defensa específica descripta como 'viviendo detrás de la pared de cristal'. La autora, sin embargo, postula la existencia de un principio inherente diádico-dialógico en la psique, al cual denomina, esperanza arquetípica, y muestra como este principio puede devenir activo en el espacio analítico. Estos aspectos de tratamientos analíticos se describen a través de dos viñetas, en las cuales procesos de intercambio inconsciente causan en la analista la experiencia de estados sin representación. La autora describe cómo la analista es gradualmente capaz de experimentar y comprender esto, y cómo esta comprensión finalmente - sin volverse inicialmente explícita - se vuelve efectiva en este espacio analítico. Se presta especial atención a la actitud analítica. Se considera esencial la disponibilidad para aceptar y moverse hacia la regresión y la receptividad para sintonizar con la experiencia sensorial temprana del analizando. De este modo, la analista gana acceso al espacio interno del analizando, y, a través de la experiencia corporal y de los procesos pre-simbólicos, lo sin-representación puede volverse figurable. El estado de reverie y las fantasías contra-transferenciales son comprendidas como puente: ellas conectan al par analítico. Sin embargo, el estado de reverie también crea la transición entre aquello que no era - la representación ausente - y aquello que quiere emerger. Así, crea el puente entre el inconsciente personal (expectativas implícitas) y el arquetípico (la esperanza arquetípica). A través de esto, el espacio de esperanza puede devenir en un espacio de posibilidad, y ayudar a crear un puente entre lo experimentado y lo esperado.

Integrated therapy safety management system.

AIMS: The aim is to demonstrate the benefit of the medico-ergonomic approach for the redesign of clinical work systems. Based on the six layer model, a concept for an 'integrated therapy safety management' is drafted. This concept could serve as a basis to improve resilience. METHODS: The concept is developed through a concept-based approach. The state of the art of safety and complexity research in human factors and ergonomics forms the basis. The findings are synthesized to a concept for 'integrated therapy safety management'. The concept is applied by way of example for the 'medication process' to demonstrate its practical implementation. RESULTS: The 'integrated therapy safety management' is drafted in accordance with the six layer model. This model supports a detailed description of specific work tasks, the corresponding responsibilities and related workflows at different layers by using the concept of 'bridge managers'. 'Bridge managers' anticipate potential errors and monitor the controlled system continuously. If disruptions or disturbances occur, they respond with corrective actions which ensure that no harm results and they initiate preventive measures for future procedures. The concept demonstrates that in a complex work system, the human factor is the key element and final authority to cope with the residual complexity. The expertise of the 'bridge managers' and the recursive hierarchical structure results in highly adaptive clinical work systems and increases their resilience. CONCLUSIONS: The medico-ergonomic approach is a highly promising way of coping with two complexities. It offers a systematic framework for comprehensive analyses of clinical work systems and promotes interdisciplinary collaboration.